Analysis of NMR parameters with Localized Molecular Orbitals¶

Introduction¶

Localized molecular orbitals, such as Natural Bonding Orbitals (NBO) or Natural Localized Molecular Orbitals (NLMO) can be helpful in analyzing and interpreting properties computed in electronic structure calculations.

This tutorial analyzes the effects of NH₂ and NO₂ substituents in ortho-, meta-, and para-positions on NMR chemical shifts of aromatic carbon atoms in a benzene ring. These shifts in aromatic systems are commonly believed to originate from a depletion or accumulation of electrons in the π-orbitals at these atoms. We examine this claim by means of NMR calculations with ADF and NBO/NLMO analysis tools.

This tutorial loosely follows the following publication: R. V. Viesser, L. C. Ducati, C. F. Tormena and J. Autschbach The unexpected roles of σ and π orbitals in electron donor and acceptor group effects on the 13C NMR chemical shifts in substituted benzenes, Chem. Sci. Phys. 8, 6570-6576 (2017).

Step 1: Preparations¶

The molecular structures needed for this tutorial can be downloaded by clicking on the following links:

Download Benzene.xyz

Download Aniline.xyz

Download Nitrobenzene.xyz

These structures have already been optimized and properly aligned. In general, you should optimize the structures first.

The main idea is now to compute the NMR shielding parameters for three different carbon atoms in the ring, C(1), C(4), and C(5), which are in ortho-, meta-, and para-position to the substituent at atom C(3):

Step 2: Calculation Settings¶

We need to perform three ADF calculations, one for each molecule (i.e. Benzene, Aniline, and Nitrobenzene).

Let us start with Benzene:

Start AMSinput

Click on File → Import Coordinates… and select the file Benzene.xyz you just downloaded

Next, select the following settings in the main AMSinput panel

In the Main ADF panel:

Task → Single Point

XC functional → Hybrid → PBE0

Basis set → TZ2P

Frozen core → None

Numerical quality → Good

In order to compare the computed NMR results with their experimental counterparts (which were measured in Chloroform solution), we enable the COSMO solvation model:

Click on Model → Solvation

Solvation method → COSMO

COSMO solvent → Chloroform

We now select the atoms for which we want to compute the NMR properties:

View → Atom Info → Name → Show

Click on Properties → NMR

Select atoms C(1), C(4), and C(5) in the molecular editor

NMR shielding for atoms: click on the + button

Print: tick Isotropic shielding constants and Full shielding tensors

and enable the NBO analysis of the NMR properties:

Click on Properties → Localized Orbitals, NBO

Perform NBO analysis: Tick yes

Analyse property → NMR

Finally, we need to disable the automatic symmetry treatment of ADF:

Click on Details → Symmetry

Symmetry → NOSYM

Now that all options are set, save the job:

File → Save As…

Save e.g. as Benzene

Click OK in the popup window to confirm using the FULL FOCK matrix

For the other two systems (i.e. Aniline, and Nitrobenzene), we can avoid having to set again most computational options:

Select and delete all atoms

File → Import Coordinates…

Select Aniline.xyz and click Open

View → Atom Info → Name → Show

Click on Properties → NMR

Select atoms C(1), C(4), and C(5) in the molecular editor

NMR shielding for atoms: click on the + button

File → Save As…

Save e.g. as Aniline

Repeat for Nitrobenzene.xyz

Step 3: Running the Calculations¶

We are now ready to run all three calculations

Switch to AMSjobs using the SCM menu

Select the three jobs Benzene, Aniline, and Nitrobenzene

Job → Run

NMR Results¶

After all three calculations are completed (this can take 10 minutes up to several hours, depending on your hardware), we can explore the output file:

In AMSjobs click on the job Benzene

Switch to AMSoutput using the SCM menu SCM → Output

In the AMSoutput window, we can see the output file. We can search for text on it by using the text box localized at the bottom. For example, we can go directly to the NMR section by searching the text N M R, or go to the beginning of the shielding tensor calculation section for each atom with ****  N U C L E U S :. Notice that in the latter case, there is one section for each of the three nuclei C(1), C(4), and C(5), and you can reach each one of them by using the small triangles to the right of the searching text box.

We can also retrieve the isotropic shielding constants directly by clicking on the properties listed on the top menu of AMSoutput:

In AMSoutput, click on Other Properties → NMR shielding (NMR program)

Repeating the previous click, we can retrieve the result for each atom.

In the case of Benzene the atoms C(1), C(4), and C(5) are all equivalent, thus yielding shielding isotropic constants σ_i of the same value. This is different in the case of the other two systems, whose shielding constants are retrieved analogously from the corresponding output files. The following are the expected results:

The chemical shifts δ_i are then computed relative to the unsubstituted Benzene molecule as follows:

δ_i = σ_Benzene - σ_i + δ_Benzene

Here σ_Benzene is the isotropic value of the chemical shielding computed σ_i for Benzene (54.302 ppm in our case), and δ_Benzene = 128.55 ppm is the experimental chemical shift relative to TMS for ¹³C in Benzene.

This yields the following results:

The experimental NMR shifts are reproduced with an error margin of about 2 ppm, and the trend between the different substitutions is reproduced: the NH₂ group leads to a significant decrease in the chemical shifts in ortho- and para- position. The meta-position remains almost unaffected by the NH₂ group. This is also observed for the meta-position near a NO₂ substitution, while the chemical shifts are lowered at the ortho-atom and increased at the para-position.

To rationalize this finding, we proceed to examine the contributions of individual orbitals to these substituent effects.

NLMO/NBO Analysis¶

We first look at the individual NLMO contributions to the isotropic shielding tensors. Each output file contains the NLMO and NBO decomposition of the isotropic shielding tensors (and other quantities) for the atoms C(1), C(4), and C(5).

The NMR shielding tensors consist of diamagnetic and paramagnetic (+SO) contributions. Diamagnetic terms are larger but mostly dominated by contributions from core orbitals and they essentially not affected by the local environment of an atom. As we are interested substitution effects, i.e. changing environments around an atom, we focus on the diamagnetic terms here as these are most influential on the magnitude and direction of the chemical shifts.

Switch to AMSoutput for the job Aniline

Type NLMO contributions to in the search bar

Use the arrows in the search bar to get the entries for the Isotropic Shielding Tensor

We find that the paramagnetic part of the isotropic shielding tensor at atom C(1) is mostly determined by contributions originating from three bonding NLMOs formed between C(1) and its three neighbors C(3), C(4), and H(7). See labels C  1- C  3, C  1- C  4, and C  1- H  7 respectively. Analogous results are obtained for C(4) and C(5) as well as for the corresponding atoms in the Nitrobenzene molecule.

One finds similar results when examining the NBO contributions to the isotropic shielding tensors. These contributions can be obtained by searching for NBO contributions to in the search bar of ADFOutput.

Inspecting NLMOs¶

We now examine in more detail the NLMOs with the largest contributions.

In AMSjobs, select the job Aniline

Open AMSview using the SCM menu, click on SCM → View

In AMSview, click on Add → Isosurface: With Phase

In the field bar at the bottom: Select Field … → NLMOs..

The selection window allows you to pick individual orbitals for plotting in AMSview

A visual inspection of the three NLMOs with the largest contribution to the isotropic shielding tensor reveals that they all have a pronounced σ-orbital character:

Opposed to that, the π-orbitals of the aromatic system can be clearly identified as well, e.g. for NLMO #11 in the above listing of contributions

As the results discussed above show, such π-orbitals are not contributing much to the isotropic shielding tensors.

The corresponding analysis in terms of NBOs can be done in exactly the same way

In the field bar at the bottom: Select Field … → NBOs..

Select NBO from list

and suggests exactly the same finding

In conclusion, the chemical shifts due to substitutions on an aromatic ring are mainly influenced by contributions from σ-bonding orbitals rather than π-orbitals.

Further Reading¶

R. V. Viesser, L. C. Ducati, C. F. Tormena and J. Autschbach The unexpected roles of σ and π orbitals in electron donor and acceptor group effects on the 13C NMR chemical shifts in substituted benzenes, Chem. Sci. Phys. 8, 6570-6576 (2017).

J. A. Bohmann, F. Weinhold and T. C. Farrar Natural chemical shielding analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance shielding tensors from gauge-including atomic orbital calculations, J. Chem. Phys. 107, 1173-1184 (1997).

J. Autschbach Analyzing NMR shielding tensors calculated with two-component relativistic methods using spin-free localized molecular orbitals, J. Chem. Phys. 128, 164112 (2008).

R. V. Viesser, L. C. Ducati, C. F. Tormena and J. Autschbach The halogen effect on the 13C NMR chemical shift in substituted benzenes, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20, 11247 (2018).